A synthetic peptide fragment of thymosin beta-4, researched for wound healing and tissue repair.
Low-Temperature Fabrication of Thymosin β4-Loaded Soluble Microneedles to Promote Wound Healing by Specific Binding to Downregulated Immune Regulators Vsig4 and IL22rɑ2.
Advanced healthcare materials|2026|He S et al.
Skin wound treatment is hindered by the poor penetration of large therapeutics and a lack of treatments that effectively regulate immune environments. While microneedles (MNs) can bypass the skin, they destabilize sensitive peptides, including thymos…
Animal StudyIn Vitro
PMID: 41467542
Decidualization-empowered ECM hydrogel integrating sustained Tβ4 release drives endometrial regeneration in intrauterine adhesions.
Nature communications|2026|Liang Y et al.
Intrauterine adhesions (IUA), a leading cause of female infertility, result from a pathological switch in the uterine injury response from regeneration to fibrotic scarring. Current treatments are often inadequate as they fail to address this fundame…
Animal Study
PMID: 41565687
Injectable Peptide Therapy: A Primer for Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Physicians.
The American journal of sports medicine|2026|Mayfield C et al.
BACKGROUND: Therapeutic peptides are short-chain amino acids that regulate cellular functions and facilitate biochemical processes. In recent years, there has been significant growth in the global market for therapeutic peptides and thus its populari…
ReviewAnimal Study
PMID: 41476424
Comparative Proteomic Analysis of the Secretome of Control and BRAF/MEK Inhibitor-Resistant Melanoma Cells.
Journal of proteome research|2026|Simiczyjew A et al.
Treatment based on BRAF/MEK kinase inhibitors is one of the most commonly used methods in advanced melanoma therapy, but patients often develop resistance to treatment. Treatment-resistant cells can affect other cancer cells and the tumor microenviro…
PMID: 41742019
A revised model of nuclear actin import: Importin 9 competes with cofilin, profilin, and RanGTP for actin binding.
The Journal of biological chemistry|2026|Keplinger A et al.
While predominantly studied in cytoplasmic contexts, actin plays critical roles in the nucleus, regulating genome accessibility, transcription, and DNA repair. Cell-based studies have contributed to a widely accepted model in which the import factor…
PMID: 41478570
Zinc Coordination by Thymosin β4: Structural Determinants and Functional Implications.
International journal of molecular sciences|2026|Lachowicz J et al.
Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a highly acidic, intrinsically disordered 43-amino-acid peptide with diverse biological functions, yet its interactions with metal ions remain poorly understood. In this study, we provide the first experimental demonstration that…
Animal Study
PMID: 41751875
Therapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions.
Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews|2026|Rahman O, Lee S, Seeds W
Therapeutic peptides are emerging as promising adjuncts in the management of orthopaedic injuries, grounded in their ability to modulate molecular signaling networks central to cellular medicine. By acting on key pathways such as PI3K/Akt, mTOR, MAPK…
Review
PMID: 41490200
Identification of novel target of quinazolinones active molecules and bioactivity & labeling preference of photocrosslinkers.
Bioorganic chemistry|2026|Li Y et al.
Photoaffinity Labeling-Affinity-Based Protein Profiling (PAL-AfBPP) provides breakthrough solutions in a variety of fields such as target protein discovery. The selection of photoaffinity connectors is the key component of PAL-AfBPP probe design and…
PMID: 41707386
Thymosin β4-derived peptides alleviate neuroinflammation and neurite atrophy in both in vitro models and in vivo 5 × FAD mice: A potential therapy for memory improvement in Alzheimer's disease.
International immunopharmacology|2026|Ou H et al.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder defined by neuroinflammation, neurite atrophy, and cognitive decline. This study explored the therapeutic potential of Thymosin β4 (Tβ4)-derived peptides (TB500 and Ac-SDKP) in miti…
Animal StudyIn Vitro
PMID: 41443105
Thymosin beta 4: An emerging therapeutic candidate for kidney diseases.
Peptides|2026|Di H et al.
Over the past decades, the escalating global burden of kidney disease has underscored an urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies. Thymosin β4 (Tβ4), a highly conserved 43-amino-acid peptide encoded by the X-linked TMSB4x gene, is the predom…
Review
PMID: 41570941
Tβ4-17 peptide enhances the chemo-sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to DDP by affecting NF-κB signaling pathway.
Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England)|2025|Guo L et al.
Ovarian cancer is a gynecologic malignancy with high mortality and poor prognosis. Chemoresistance is a key cause of ovarian cancer recurrence and metastasis. It has been found that some bioactive peptides can inhibit the growth and metastasis of can…
PMID: 41205079
Recombinant human thymosin beta 4 improves ischemic cardiac dysfunction in mice and patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after reperfusion.
Cardiovascular research|2025|Zhang Y et al.
AIMS: Despite advancements in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), cardiac dysfunction remains a challenge in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Although thymosin beta 4 has shown cardioprotective effects i…
Animal StudyIn Vitro
PMID: 41229390
Engineered Tandem Thymosin Peptide Promotes Corneal Wound Healing.
Investigative ophthalmology & visual science|2025|Nguyen J et al.
PURPOSE: Thymosin beta-4 (TB4) is a small peptide upregulated in injured tissues, playing roles in cell migration, angiogenesis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Studies show TB4 significantly promotes corneal wound healing after injury, leading t…
Animal StudyIn Vitro
PMID: 41235866
Electron Capture Dissociation for Discovery Top-Down Proteomics of Peptides and Small Proteins on Chromatographic Time Scales.
Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry|2025|Manly L et al.
Bottom-up proteomics introduces proteoform ambiguity due to the loss of connectivity between peptides and their original proteoforms. Top-down proteomics (TDP) removes the ambiguity through the direct identification and characterization of intact pro…
PMID: 40877745
Thymosin Beta-4 Modulates Cardiac Remodeling by Regulating ROCK1 Expression in Adult Mammals.
International journal of molecular sciences|2025|Maar K et al.
Although a myocardial infarction occurs roughly every minute in the U.S. alone, medical research has yet to unlock the key to fully enabling post-hypoxic myocardial regeneration. Thymosin beta-4 (TB4), a short, secreted peptide, was shown to possess…
Animal StudyIn Vitro
PMID: 40362372
Thymosin β4 released by mast cells under stress conditions impairs intestinal epithelial barrierIL22RA1/JAK1/STAT3 signaling in irritable bowel syndrome.
World journal of gastroenterology|2025|Sun Y et al.
BACKGROUND: Mast cells (MCs) under stress conditions contribute to the development of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), yet their precise mechanisms in IBS remain unclear. AIM: To investigate the role of MC-derived thymosin β4 (Tβ4) in stress-induced i…
Animal Study
PMID: 41278163
The Prognostic Significance of TMSB4X in Glioma Patients.
International journal of general medicine|2025|Li S et al.
OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to analyze in depth the importance of the thymosin beta 4 X-linked gene (TMSB4X) in the disease process of gliomas for the prediction of patient prognosis. METHODS: We explored the expression of TMSB4X by analyzi…
PMID: 40502330
Injectable Thymosin β4-Modified Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel with Exosomes for Stem Cell Homing and Neuronic-Angiogenic-Osteogenic Coupled Cranial Repair.
ACS nano|2025|Xi Y et al.
Accelerating angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and in situ stem cell recruitment at the site of bone defects is critical for bone regenerative repair. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) exosomes are cell-free therapeutic agents with bone-enhancing ef…
Animal Study
PMID: 40528381
Association Between Thymosin β4 and Coronary Arterial Lesions in Children with Kawasaki Disease.
Journal of inflammation research|2025|Wu J et al.
BACKGROUND: Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute systemic vasculitis primarily affecting children and is a leading cause of acquired heart disease in developed countries. Recently, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated the close correlations…
PMID: 40631047
Thymosin beta 4 as an Alzheimer disease intervention target identified using human brain organoids.
Stem cell reports|2025|Zeng P et al.
The developmental origin of Alzheimer disease (AD) has been proposed but is arguably debated. Here, we developed cerebral organoids from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP) associated with familial…
Animal Study
PMID: 40816274