1,25(OH)D vitamin D promotes NOS2 expression in response to bacterial and viral PAMPs in primary bovine salivary gland fibroblasts.

OBJECTIVES: The faecal-oral route is a predominant mode of infectious disease transmission and yet the immunology of the bovine oral cavity is poorly understood. The objectives of this study were to develop an in vitro cell model of bovine salivary gland cells and to characterize the role of vitamin D on the expression of innate immune genes induced by stimulation with bacterial and viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). METHODS: Submandibular glandular tissue was excised post-mortem, processed, cells isolated and cultured until confluency after which cells were incubated with the active form of vitamin D (1,25(OH)D) for 18 h before stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS μg/ml), lipoteichoic acid (LTA μg/ml) or polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C-20 μg/ml) PAMPs for 6 h and immune gene expression was assessed by Quantitative Real-Time PCR (RT-qPCR). RESULTS: RT-qPCR analysis of vimentin expression in cells derived from the bovine submandibular gland shows that cultured cells were fibroblast in origin. These cells significantly induce the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL1B, β-defensin and cathelicidin genes but these were not significantly altered in response to 1,25(OH)D. In contrast, 1,25(OH)D significantly up-regulates the expression of the NOS2 gene encoding iNOS in bovine submandibular stromal cells compared to EtOH (vehicle) control and this is a maintained response to all three bacterial and viral ligands. We have developed a new in vitro model to allow detailed investigations of mechanisms to enhance oral immunity in cattle. We show that these cells are fibroblast in nature, immunologically competent and vitamin D responsive. Their vitamin D-mediated enhancement of NOS2 expression warrants further investigation in saliva as a potential mechanism to boost oral immunity against infectious agents.