A naturally occurring copper peptide with roles in wound healing, anti-aging, and tissue remodeling.
Smart Healing for Wound Repair: Emerging Multifunctional Strategies in Personalized Regenerative Medicine and Their Relevance to Orthopedics.
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)|2026|Arciola C et al.
To address the challenges in wound healing, clinical management increasingly demands targeted, adaptive, responsive, and patient-centered strategies. This is especially true for wounds characterized by delayed healing and a high risk of infection. Ad…
Review
PMID: 41594073
Glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine as a novel co-former in co-amorphous systems: Enhanced aqueous solubility and physical stability.
European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences|2026|Huang Q et al.
Co-amorphous systems have emerged as a promising strategy to enhance the aqueous solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs. Although amino acids have been widely studied as co-formers, some amino acid-based co-amorphous systems exhibit limited dissolu…
PMID: 41771428
Therapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions.
Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews|2026|Rahman O, Lee S, Seeds W
Therapeutic peptides are emerging as promising adjuncts in the management of orthopaedic injuries, grounded in their ability to modulate molecular signaling networks central to cellular medicine. By acting on key pathways such as PI3K/Akt, mTOR, MAPK…
Review
PMID: 41490200
Injectable Peptide Therapy: A Primer for Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Physicians.
The American journal of sports medicine|2026|Mayfield C et al.
BACKGROUND: Therapeutic peptides are short-chain amino acids that regulate cellular functions and facilitate biochemical processes. In recent years, there has been significant growth in the global market for therapeutic peptides and thus its populari…
ReviewAnimal Study
PMID: 41476424
Golgi-targeted copper delivery strategy via enhancing copper-dependent proteins' activity for fascia regeneration.
Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society|2026|Wang R et al.
Copper-dependent proteins (such as lysyl oxidase, LOX) require copper acquisition within the Golgi apparatus to achieve enzymatic activation, and insufficient activation of these proteins is a key factor limiting fascia regeneration. To address this…
Animal StudyIn Vitro
PMID: 41371501
Palmitoyl copper peptide and acetyl tyrosine complex enhances melanin production in both A375 and B16 cell lines.
Biochemical and biophysical research communications|2025|Hong M et al.
Copper peptide, a low molecular weight peptide composed of glycyl-L-histidyl-l-lysine-copper, possesses anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing properties. In this study, we investigated the effects of a combination agent CP-AcT, composed of…
Animal StudyIn Vitro
PMID: 39632290
Exploring the beneficial effects of GHK-Cu on an experimental model of colitis and the underlying mechanisms.
Frontiers in pharmacology|2025|Mao S et al.
INTRODUCTION: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized by mucosal damage and impaired epithelial barrier function. While glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine-copper (GHK-Cu) exhibits known anti-inflammatory properties…
Animal StudyIn Vitro
PMID: 40672369
Efficacy and Safety Assessment of ThriveCo Scar Fader Gel With Scarcede™ in the Treatment of Skin Scars.
Cureus|2025|Patel M et al.
Introduction Skin scars, a natural outcome of dermal injury healing, may seem minor but often lead to significant disfigurement and psychological distress. This study aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of ThriveCo Scar Fader Gel containing Scarc…
PMID: 41001334
Topically applied GHK as an anti-wrinkle peptide: Advantages, problems and prospective.
BioImpacts : BI|2025|Mortazavi S, Mohammadi Vadoud S, Moghimi H
INTRODUCTION: Peptides are promising and attractive anti-wrinkle active ingredients, amongst which glycyl-histidyl-lysine peptide (GHK) is one of the most broadly promoted peptide for topical application. This simple sequence of amino acid residues n…
Review
PMID: 39963574
Food-Derived Tripeptide-Copper Self-Healing Hydrogel for Infected Wound Healing.
Biomaterials research|2025|Chen H et al.
The field of infected wound management continues to face challenges, and traditional methods used to cope with wounds include debridement, gauze coverage, medication, and others. Currently, synthetic and natural biomaterials are readily available tod…
PMID: 39902373
Self-Assembled Peptide-Gold Nanoparticle 1D Nanohybrids Functionalized with GHK Tripeptide for Enhanced Wound-Healing and Photothermal Therapy.
ACS applied materials & interfaces|2025|Jeon N et al.
Glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine (GHK) tripeptides are known for their remarkable therapeutic potential, including wound-healing, anti-inflammatory activity, and cellular regeneration. However, their clinical application has been significantly hindered by…
PMID: 40019920
Accelerated Resolution of Pacemaker Pocket Hematoma With Adjunctive Phototherapy: A Case Report.
Cureus|2025|Kneller J
Pocket hematoma remains a common complication of pacemaker procedures, causing patient discomfort and functional limitation while predisposing to device infection. A cutaneous phototherapy device known as X39 (LifeWave Inc., Draper, Utah, United Stat…
Case Report
PMID: 40621326
An injectable hydroxyapatite microsphere filler loaded with GHK-Cu tripeptide for anti-Inflammatory and antioxidant.
Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces|2025|Hu D et al.
With the wide application of soft tissue fillers, implant material-induced inflammatory reactions have become a key factor affecting the therapeutic efficacy. This study developed an injectable filler with enhanced anti-inflammatory and antioxidant e…
Animal StudyIn Vitro
PMID: 40716276
Are We Ready to Measure Skin Permeation of Modern Antiaging GHK-Cu Tripeptide Encapsulated in Liposomes?
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)|2025|Ogórek K et al.
Cosmetically active compounds (CACs), both of lipophilic and hydrophilic origin, have difficulty reaching the deeper layers of the skin, and this shortcoming significantly reduces their efficacy. One such CAC that occurs naturally in the human body a…
Review
PMID: 39795193
Copper Complexes with New Glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine-Hyaluronan Conjugates Show Antioxidant Properties and Osteogenic and Angiogenic Synergistic Effects.
Bioconjugate chemistry|2025|Greco V et al.
In recent years, hyaluronic acid (HA) and the natural tripeptide glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine (GHK), especially its copper(II) complex (GHK-Cu), individually have been shown to exert helpful properties for bone protection and regeneration. However, the…
In Vitro
PMID: 40123442
Protective Functions of β-Alanyl-L-Histidine and Glycyl-L-Histidyl-L-Lysine Glycoconjugates and Copper in Concert.
Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)|2025|Naletova I, Rizzarelli E
Two endogenous peptides, β-alanyl-L-histidine, named carnosine (Car), and glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK), derived from the matricellular protein Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (SPARC), share many beneficial functions. The hydrolytic e…
Review
PMID: 41462712
Behavioral and neuropathological features of Alzheimer's disease are attenuated in 5xFAD mice treated with intranasal GHK peptide.
Aging pathobiology and therapeutics|2024|Tucker M et al.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Efforts to find disease modifying treatments have met with limited success. The naturally occurring peptide GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysin…
Animal Study
PMID: 40766919
The naturally occurring peptide GHK reverses age-related fibrosis by modulating myofibroblast function.
Aging pathobiology and therapeutics|2024|He Q, Mazzola J, Ladiges W
Fibrotic disorders, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, are characterized by the accumulation of myofibroblasts, cells responsible for excessive extracellular matrix deposition and tissue remodeling. The inability to terminate this reparative proc…
PMID: 40823151
Rigid-flexible nanocarriers loaded with active peptides for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory applications in skin.
Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces|2024|Wang Y et al.
Peptides are recognized as highly effective and safe bioactive ingredients. However, t their practical application is limited and hampered by harsh conditions for practical drug delivery. Hence, a novel peptide nanocarrier of copper peptide (GHK-Cu)…
In Vitro
PMID: 38394858
The glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine-Cutripeptide complex attenuates lung inflammation and fibrosis in silicosis by targeting peroxiredoxin 6.
Redox biology|2024|Bian Y et al.
Silicosis is the most common type of pneumoconiosis, having a high incidence in workers chronically exposed to crystalline silica (CS). No specific medication exists for this condition. GHK, a tripeptide naturally occurring in human blood and urine,…
Animal StudyIn Vitro
PMID: 38879894