A synthetic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog studied for growth hormone stimulation.
Therapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions.
Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews|2026|Rahman O, Lee S, Seeds W
Therapeutic peptides are emerging as promising adjuncts in the management of orthopaedic injuries, grounded in their ability to modulate molecular signaling networks central to cellular medicine. By acting on key pathways such as PI3K/Akt, mTOR, MAPK…
Review
PMID: 41490200
Injectable Peptide Therapy: A Primer for Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Physicians.
The American journal of sports medicine|2026|Mayfield C et al.
BACKGROUND: Therapeutic peptides are short-chain amino acids that regulate cellular functions and facilitate biochemical processes. In recent years, there has been significant growth in the global market for therapeutic peptides and thus its populari…
ReviewAnimal Study
PMID: 41476424
Analysis of growth hormone releasing hormone and its analogs in urine using nano liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole/orbitrap mass spectrometry.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis|2026|Uçaktürk E, Nemutlu E
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and its synthetic analogs are considered performance-enhancing substances and are therefore prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). The analysis of GHRH and its analogs in urine presents significant…
Animal Study
PMID: 41138283
A new era of doping? Use of peptide and peptide-analog drugs in recreational and professional sport and bodybuilding: a critical review.
The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness|2026|Coutinho L, DE Oliveira Neves L, Camilo R
The pursuit of pharmacological enhancement in sport has evolved from the widespread use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) to novel agents such as peptides and peptide analogues. Marketed as more selective and ostensibly safer alternatives, peptid…
PMID: 41880199
Chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of peptidic analytes (2-10 kDa) in doping control urine samples.
Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS|2024|Thomas A, Walpurgis K, Thevis M
Peptides with a molecular mass between 2 and 10 kDa that are prohibited in elite sports usually require dedicated sample preparation and mass spectrometric detection that commonly cannot be combined with other (lower molecular mass) substances. In mo…
Animal Study
PMID: 38197510
Cationic exchange SPE combined with triple quadrupole UHPLC-MS/MS for detection of GHRHs in urine samples.
Analytical biochemistry|2023|Cristea C et al.
The use of growth hormone-releasing hormones (GHRHs) is prohibited in sports according to the regulations of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Considering the complexity of urine samples and the low concentrations at which these analytes should be…
PMID: 37806509
Early detection of cannabinoids in biological samples based on their affinity interaction with the growth hormone secretagogue receptor.
Talanta|2022|Danila G et al.
Herein we report on the early detection of cannabinoids in urine samples according to their affinity profiles in competitive assays with labelled ghrelin (GHR). We have demonstrated for the first time that cannabidiol (CBD) and 11-nor-Δ-tetrahydrocan…
PMID: 34736642
Probing for peptidic drugs (2-10 kDa) in doping control blood samples.
Analytical science advances|2022|Thomas A et al.
Bioactive peptides with a molecular mass between 2 and 10 kDa represent an important class of substances banned in elite sports, which has been recognized with an increasing number and variety of substances by anti-doping organizations. Also, the ann…
Animal Study
PMID: 38716080
An antibody-free, ultrafiltration-based assay for the detection of growth hormone-releasing hormones in urine at low pg/mL concentrations using nanoLC-HRMS/MS.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis|2022|Coppieters G et al.
This work presents an ultrafiltration-based, validated method for the screening and confirmation of prohibited growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analogues (sermorelin/CJC-1293, sermorelin metabolite, CJC-1295 and tesamorelin) in urine by nanoLC…
PMID: 35298973
Advances in the detection of growth hormone releasing hormone synthetic analogs.
Drug testing and analysis|2021|Memdouh S et al.
The administration of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) and its synthetic analogs is prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Although there is evidence of their use, based on admissions and intelligence, they do not appear to have be…
In Vitro
PMID: 34665524
Comparison of magnetic bead surface functionalities for the immunopurification of growth hormone-releasing hormones prior to liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry.
Journal of chromatography. A|2020|Pont L et al.
Growth hormone-releasing hormone and its analogues sermorelin, tesamorelin and CJC-1295 are included in the prohibited list of the World Antidoping Agency. These target peptides are found at very low concentrations in urine (at the pg/mL level). For…
PMID: 32971474
A method for confirming CJC-1295 abuse in equine plasma samples by LC-MS/MS.
Drug testing and analysis|2019|Timms M, Ganio K, Steel R
CJC-1295 is a peptide-based drug that stimulates the production of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary gland. It incorporates a functional maleimido group at the C-terminus that allows it to covalently bind plasma proteins such as serum albumin. T…
PMID: 30938069
An immuno polymerase chain reaction screen for the detection of CJC-1295 and other growth-hormone-releasing hormone analogs in equine plasma.
Drug testing and analysis|2019|Timms M et al.
CJC-1295 is a 30 amino acid peptide-based drug that stimulates the release of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary gland. It is unique among performance-enhancing peptides due to the presence of a reactive maleimidopropionic acid group that covalen…
PMID: 30489688
The study of doping market: How to produce intelligence from Internet forums.
Forensic science international|2016|Pineau T et al.
Despite the predominant role played by Internet in the distribution of doping substances, little is currently known about the online offer of doping products. Therefore, the study focuses on the detection of doping substances and suppliers discussed…
PMID: 27710891
Netnography of Female Use of the Synthetic Growth Hormone CJC-1295: Pulses and Potions.
Substance use & misuse|2016|Van Hout M, Hearne E
BACKGROUND: Communal online folk pharmacology fuels the drive for short cuts in attaining muscle enhancement, fat loss, and youthful skin. OBJECTIVES: The study used "netnography" to explore female use of CJC-1295, a synthetic growth hormone analogue…
Review
PMID: 26771670
Qualitative identification of growth hormone-releasing hormones in human plasma by means of immunoaffinity purification and LC-HRMS/MS.
Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry|2016|Knoop A et al.
The use of growth hormone-releasing hormones (GHRHs) is prohibited in sports according to the regulations of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). The aim of the present study was to develop a method for the simultaneous detection of four different GH…
Animal StudyIn Vitro
PMID: 26879649
Expanded test method for peptides >2 kDa employing immunoaffinity purification and LC-HRMS/MS.
Drug testing and analysis|2015|Thomas A et al.
Bioactive peptides with an approximate molecular mass of 2-12 kDa are of considerable relevance in sports drug testing. Such peptides have been used to manipulate several potential performance-enhancing processes in the athlete's body and include for…
Animal Study
PMID: 26382721
Detecting peptidic drugs, drug candidates and analogs in sports doping: current status and future directions.
Expert review of proteomics|2014|Thevis M, Thomas A, Schänzer W
With the growing availability of mature systems and strategies in biotechnology and the continuously expanding knowledge of cellular processes and involved biomolecules, human sports drug testing has become a considerably complex field in the arena o…
PMID: 25382550
Doping control analysis of seven bioactive peptides in horse plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry|2013|Kwok W et al.
In recent years, there has been an ongoing focus for both human and equine doping control laboratories on developing detection methods to control the misuse of peptide therapeutics. Immunoaffinity purification is a common extraction method to isolate…
In Vitro
PMID: 23318763
Immunoaffinity purification of peptide hormones prior to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in doping controls.
Methods (San Diego, Calif.)|2012|Thomas A et al.
For most peptide hormones prohibited in elite sports the concentrations in plasma or urine are very low (pg/mL). Accordingly, hyphenated purification and enrichment steps prior to mass spectrometric detection are required to obtain sufficient doping…
ReviewAnimal Study
PMID: 21871962