Assessment of the Potential of GLP-1 Analogs in the Treatment of Addictions: A Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogs were initially developed to treat obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, but recently they have shown potential for treating substance use disorders (SUDs) and other addictive behaviors. Their mechanism of action, which involves modifying reward pathways in the brain, has shown potential in lowering addictive behaviors, including those associated with substance use and eating-related challenges. METHODS: A literature review of preclinical and early clinical studies was conducted, focusing on the effects of GLP-1 analogs on addiction. The search included databases such as PubMed and Cochrane, using keywords like "GLP-1 analogs," "addiction," and "substance use disorders." RESULTS: GLP-1 analogs have demonstrated to decrease substance use, including alcohol and nicotine, on rodents and non-human primates by modifying neurotransmitter activity. These medications also provide neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation caused by chronic substance use. CONCLUSION: GLP-1 analogs represent a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of SUDs. While long-term adverse effects are not yet fully understood, they show potential in addressing the limited success rates of existing alcohol use disorder pharmacotherapies and the overall lack of effective treatment options for SUDs. While early clinical trials provide promising insights, further research is needed before GLP-1 analogs can be confidently incorporated into addiction treatment regimens.